The World In A Week - A Week Of Firsts
US jobless numbers surged from 3.3 million the week prior to 6.6 million last week, taking the total to almost 10 million people filing for benefits. Donald Trump responded to these record-breaking figures by signing an historic $2.2 trillion virus relief package into law. The package gives the unemployed $600 per person, in addition to their state benefits, for up to four months. This is a significant increase from the average benefits payment of c.$385 per person per month. It is expected that jobless numbers will continue to climb as workers and businesses alike access benefits; these stark numbers validate the consensus view that the US is already in recession.
Services PMI data shows a sedate return to the new normal for China and a somewhat grim picture for Europe. As China gets back to work, data sluggishly moved up from an historic low of 26.5 in February to 43 in March, a move in the right direction, but at a slower pace than expected. Europe, notably Spain and Italy, tells a very different story; both countries posted services data of 52.1 in February which collapsed to 23 and 17.4 respectively in March. While the Coronavirus continues to wreak havoc with the global economy, there are some tentative signs, in both Spain and Italy, that the infection rate is slowing.
Crude oil hit rock bottom last week tumbling to $25 a barrel having started 2020 at $66 a barrel. The slowing economy and excess supply have resulted in the collapse in oil price. In a move to stem further price falls, OPEC and others will meet this Thursday with a view to cutting supply. In an unprecedented move, which has not been witnessed before, Saudi Arabia will delay announcing its official oil selling price for May until after the meeting has taken place; prices were due on Sunday.
The World In A Week – Interim Update
Economic data is likely to become increasingly less reliable as a result of the COVID-19 lockdown. We know that the effect on the global economy will be bad, we just do not know how bad. That is why we are seeing significant stimulus packages from governments around the world and why they keep getting bigger. No sooner has the US announced stimulus package number three, at an impressive $2.2 trillion, there was expectation from politicians for stimulus package number four.
This dichotomy of knowing that the global economy is going to be damaged, but unable to accurately forecast to what extent, is why we have seen volatility in the markets and commitments to soften the blow increasing week-on-week.
Most economic data are survey based: industrial production, unemployment numbers, inflation numbers and various sentiment opinion polls need people to fill in the surveys. Filling in survey forms during a lockdown may not necessarily be representative of the whole. Social media spreads fear and affects sentiment and sentiment affects answers to surveys. Then you have issues such as consumer price inflation, which includes restaurant prices; how do you survey something that is not there?
It is likely that the data we will see coming out for the first quarter of 2020 will not be as reliable as it has been in the past. Interpolations of annualised numbers should be analysed with a fair degree of scepticism and investment decisions for the short term should not be made on this potentially soft foundation.
Although the extreme fear that was dominating much of March has slightly dissipated, we are still wary of the short-term outlook while in the midst of the virus crisis. Good news, such as the rumours that President Trump will cut taxes for US companies by suspending trade tariffs for 90 days, will elicit a good reaction from markets. While reports of increasing infection rates and deaths will provoke a negative reaction. Clear heads and predictable processes are needed in this phase of the crisis.
The World In A Week - Wēijī / 危機
Fittingly for the current environment, the title of this update is the Chinese word for both “crisis” and “opportunity”. While the tragedy of the Coronavirus rages around the world and throws up many unknowns, we can be sure that wise investors will be maintaining (if not increasing) market exposure as the frontline defence in maintaining their financial health.
Following the exceptionally sharp drops in global markets over the last two months, last week saw some respite as global equities rose +4.5% in GBP terms, as measured by the MSCI ACWI. They had been up over +10% until Friday when they pared back gains. We expect markets to remain volatile to the upside and downside, hence retaining market exposure is key to capturing both aspects.
While almost all asset classes fell in value during the depths of the selloff, High Quality global bonds are up +0.7% for the year to date, as measured by the Barclays Global Aggregate GBP Hedged. You may remember that last July we switched our Fixed Income focus to this and away from Sterling bonds as we became more bearish of the late cycle environment. We are pleased with the result, as the Sterling Non-Gilt Index has returned -3.6% for the year to date.
While a negative overall return is always a disappointment, for the reasons above, we are in a good position versus peers to cautiously re-deploy the client capital we have preserved into sections of the market where value and opportunity likely resides. The High Yield Bond market is now the cheapest it has been since the financial crisis and, while we were not previously comfortable with valuations, it is now likely that multiple babies in the High Yield space have been thrown out with the bathwater. We have high conviction in the High Yield Fund Manager we are deploying to take a highly active and selective approach to uncover value and drive future expected returns.
The World In A Week Interim Update - Apply. Rinse. Repeat.
This week we have seen the US Federal Reserve offer unlimited quantitative policy, along with various other bells and whistles. This is to keep the wheels of monetary policy lubricated; to encourage lending to companies by banks, and in turn this may save some jobs. It may also help to stabilise the markets, which would give enough breathing space to allow fiscal policy to be rolled out.
This is what we are seeing in the US. The Senate has now agreed a fiscal package worth over 9% of GDP and the buck is passed to The House of Representatives who will vote tomorrow on the $2 trillion deal. Co-ordination across the globe has been key and we have seen the European Central Bank announce today their unlimited commitment to asset purchases. In the UK, the Government continues to roll out more details about the £350 billion relief package.
All of this is about avoiding job losses. The more people that are unemployed means the less they are going to consume. If consumption drops, it will delay the second phase of the fiscal policy rescue package, which is the economic bounce-back.
In the US a quarter of the deal will focus on loans to businesses, to support them during this period and hopefully avoid an unnecessary increase in unemployment. President Trump is also riding to the rescue, with the possibility of a further tax cut through the suspension of trade tariffs for 90 days, which should alleviate pressure on some companies’ profit margins.
Apply. Rinse. Repeat. The same instructions that were given for the quantitative easing programme to combat the great financial crisis are being repeated for the great virus crisis. Only this time the measures being enacted are more dramatic; projections for the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet is a surge of more than $3 trillion. This will equate to an expansion of roughly 75% and is comparative to the entire stimulus injected over a decade since the global financial crisis. It is likely the current level of policy stimulus will not need to remain in place for as long as it did for the previous crisis. However, it is needed now as it was 12 years ago to prevent a global depression.
The World In A Week - Contagion
Basic evolutionary theory teaches us that adaptation is the biological mechanism by which humans adjust to changes in their environments. We find ourselves living in a period of great change, and it is those that adapt to change best that will come out on top, after the virus subsides.
In the UK, we are being urged to stay indoors and socially distance ourselves to prevent the spread of the virus further. As humans, we are experiencing significant structural reform as we adapt to our new working lifestyles and plan around the latest advice issued by the Government. Negligible commute times and a ban on outdoor social activity has created a great deal of free time for people to utilise. Governments across the world are assessing measures to restrict the economic disruption that the virus is causing.
It seems the UK’s approach has been more staggered than the rest of Europe’s with Boris briefing the nation daily by issuing more restrictions and providing further guidance. Whereas in Germany, gatherings of two or more people have been banned and illustrates a direct approach than it appears the UK are operating with. The UK are more focused with reducing their economic hit from the virus than reducing the spread of the virus and it is expected that more drastic restrictions in the UK will follow. The decision to close schools in England was made after Wales and Scotland. However, the ban for pubs, gyms and restaurants shows that Boris intends to issue more rigorous policies.
Rishi Sunak has offered £350bn in the form of loans and grants to save British businesses from insolvency and workers from redundancy. This economic response appears to be one of the most significant displayed from any major country. Germany has made available €500bn in the form of loans available to all businesses and has encouraged firms to defer their tax payments. There doesn’t appear to be a generic response, but fiscal stimulus appears to be the most popular decision taken. Hong Kong has selected a more direct stimulus and has pledged to give HK$10,000 to each citizen. However, with lock-down measures likely to be in place, this doesn’t appear to be an effective response.
The last pandemic was the swine-flu pandemic in 2009-10 which infected almost 1.4bn people globally but the death toll ranged from 151,700 to 575,500. Swine flu was more prevalent in younger people which we now know to be the opposite of COVID-19. The effect of swine flu was masked by the financial crisis of 2008. However, COVID-19 is the first pandemic to exist in the social media era where information and opinion is more readily available and is one of the major factors attributing to the high volatility of the global markets.
What we all need to appreciate is that we are living in a period of unprecedented change and we all need to be adaptive, bold and co-operative to ensure we continue to deliver to our clients.
During times of heightened market volatility, many investors feel a strong urge to de-risk and sell out of their equity positions. However, history has rewarded patient investors who stayed invested over a longer time horizon. There has never been a market drop without a subsequent rally and with equities at a major discount, this offers a suitable opportunity to top up your equity positions.
The World In A Week - Interim Update
Policymakers around the globe are turning to their fiscal armouries to meet the economic challenges that the Coronavirus is, and will be, causing. This is a welcome development and as we have written previously, central banks have all but exhausted what monetary policy can achieve.
President Trump is pushing for a stimulus package that could reportedly be as much as $1.2 trillion and UK Chancellor, Rishi Sunak, has unveiled £330 billion of state loan guarantees, with an additional £20 billion of financial handouts aimed to help businesses cope with the impact of COVID-19. These stimulus packages are looking to offset the short-run economic damage that is likely to be done from social distancing, travel bans and outright quarantines.
However, central banks still have an important role to play in this crisis. It is their role to ensure that the cost of borrowing remains low for the foreseeable future, in order that governments can do whatever is needed to overcome both the social and economic crises.
We have already seen the Federal Reserve reduce interest rates to zero in the US and our own Bank of England has pulled rates down by 0.5%. To supplement this, central banks around the world have already embarked on a fresh round of quantitative easing, buying up assets to reduce borrowing costs further and give support to the underlying economy. The European Central Bank has just announced a programme to buy €750 billion of bonds after an emergency meeting last night.
What we must remember is that this is not a repeat of the global financial crisis of 2008. 12 years ago, the great recession was caused by a collapsing housing sector and a lack of confidence in banks, meaning the risk at hand was a complete failure of the global economy. This time, the sectors that look most vulnerable are travel, tourism and retail, which combined accounts for 10% of the global economy and employ 10% of the global workforce (source: Fidelity Investment Management).
This is more akin to a natural disaster and the right thing to do in the event of an earthquake is to support those most affected by the seismic economic and social upheaval.
The World In A Week - Deciphering The Known Unknowns
Memories of what it was like during the turmoil of the global financial crisis have resurfaced, but even in the height of the tumultuous times of 2008 and 2009, the market did not have such extreme one-day movements as we have just experienced.
Last week we had two of the worst days in history of the FTSE 100 and the fall on Thursday was bigger than anything experienced during the throes of the great recession:
| 20th October 1987 | -12.2% |
| 12th March 2020 | -10.9% |
| 19th October 1987 | -10.8% |
| 10th October 2008 | -8.8% |
| 6th October 2008 | -7.9% |
| 9th March 2020 | -7.7% |
| 15th October 2008 | -7.2% |
| 26th October 1987 | -6.2% |
Source: Investment Week, SharePad/AJ Bell
In the wake of the FTSE 100’s second worst day in history, the index is continuing to fall, down over 6% at the time of writing and puncturing the 5,000-price barrier, as airlines and holiday firms feel the impact of travel bans and falling demand for flights. The accumulated combination of falls has meant the FTSE 100 is more than 30% below its 52-week high and well into what is traditionally called bear market territory.
The fear of recessionary risks that dominated the end of 2018 have returned, and the record breaking 11-year bull market in the US has ended with the S&P 500 dropping as much as 26.7% from its peak in February. The most obvious question investors are asking themselves is whether we are at the bottom.
Putting last week’s market moves into context is critical. By comparing against the three previous market corrections, namely 1987, 2000 and 2008, we can gain some perspective during these agitated times. Using the historical data of the S&P 500, the main index of US stocks, you can see that while the drops are dramatic, the subsequent recoveries do provide a remedy for the long-term investor.
| S&P 500 | Drop | Duration | Rally | Duration |
| 1987 | -34% | 3 months | 582% | 147 months |
| 2000 | -49% | 30 months | 101% | 60 months |
| 2008 | -57% | 17 months | 378% | 129 months |
Source: Bloomberg, Standard & Poor’s, J.P. Morgan Asset Management
While we expect continued disruption to economic activity, we do believe a path towards recovery does exist. Policy makers and markets will continue to act swiftly and decisively to the continually changing situation. The unpleasant truth is no one truly knows what will happen and that uncertainty is exacerbating the reactions in stock markets. However, the landscape has changed dramatically since the global financial crisis and previously unthought of solutions are now possible.
In order to avoid a repeat of the great recession, governments need to allow for unlimited fiscal compensation for lost revenues and wages to all businesses and employees affected by quarantines and lockdowns. Monetary policy is necessary to avoid financial systems collapsing, while fiscal measures, that are designed to support the recovery, should only be deployed once the virus is under control. We had our first budget from Rishi Sunak promising a record-breaking stimulus package of £30 billion to counteract the effects of the Coronavirus. Fiscal expansion is already being pushed by the Government, looking to invest in the UK economy, particularly infrastructure projects.
Central banks around the globe have acted swiftly and continue to react to an unknown environment. This morning we have seen the Federal Reserve’s Open Market Committee reduce interest rates to zero, as they realise the effects of the Coronavirus will weigh on economic activity in the near term and pose risks to the economic outlook.
The Federal Reserve expects to maintain interest rates at zero until it is confident that the economy has weathered recent events and is back on track. What is more interesting was the Committee’s comment that as it continues to monitor the developments and implications around the globe: “…will use its tools and act as appropriate to support the economy.” This will include significant quantitative easing and increasing its own balance sheet once again.
Liquidity is being pumped into the financial system to ensure any signs of strain are bolstered and more targeted support is already primed. This would appear to be Jerome Powell’s ‘Mario Draghi’ moment, as the actions of the central bank are saying they will do whatever it takes to support markets during this unprecedented time.
The Fed’s cut was part of a co-ordinated response from the world’s central banks, with the Bank of England, the European Central Bank, the Bank of Japan, the Bank of Canada and the Swiss National Bank all introducing measures to shore up their financial positions.
While the trigger for the market collapse has been unpredictable, it is at least simple. A market that had not seen a significant downturn in over 11 years, and was arguably over-priced on some measures, met the unknown effects of an alarming and virulent virus. Whether the remedy will be simple is another of the myriad of known unknowns that we face; what we do know is that every market collapse has been followed by a recovery.
While we wait for the signs that we are close to the bottom, which means needing to see a little more clarity and certainty, such as infection rates slowing or evidence of global containment, we need to remember our long-term goals. A pragmatic approach of long-term investing will enable investors to hold their nerve during the most turbulent of times. Rest assured, cognisant of the current market volatility, the investment team continue to execute the processes that have been tested over the past 15 years, to ensure we deliver robust outcomes to all our long-term investors.
The World In A Week - Corona Crash
Global equity markets saw an increase in volatility last week amid mounting fears of a global pandemic. The MSCI ACWI and the S&P 500 saw the most violent swings, both indices were in positive territory midweek but fell by -1.53% and -1.36% respectively in Sterling terms at market close on Friday. The FTSE All-Share finished the week down -1.77%. In the current environment, investors shifted assets into safe havens such as gold and government bonds.
Slowing global growth continues to be the main concern for markets as the spread of the Coronavirus shows no signs of abating. The OECD and the IMF have revised down their growth figures and the Fed have responded by cutting interest rates between FOMC meetings, which is unusual. The ECB and the Bank of Japan believe they are sufficiently equipped to cope with a financial crisis and are in a position to act.
Unsurprisingly, data continues to show signs of weakening; China’s PMI dropped markedly to 40.3, significantly below estimates of 45.7 and the lowest reading since the survey was launched in 2004. PMI readings below 50 indicate contraction, and while data elsewhere remains reasonably stable, we believe that the impact will start to be felt outside of the Asia region in the coming months with contagion spreading to developed markets.
Moving away from global equity markets to US politics; Biden’s popularity surged in ten Super Tuesday states including Texas last week, reinvigorating his bid to become the Democratic Party candidate. Super Tuesday is the name given to the US presidential primary election day in February and March, when the greatest number of US states hold primary elections.
Biden’s victory sparked the usual derogatory rhetoric from Trump, but we expect the election will be a much closer contest if Trump’s opponent is one with more moderate political views, which, if Biden is victorious over Sanders, would certainly be the case. The real campaigning begins in the summer, which may allow the media to put something else in the headlines and ,hopefully, put the Coronavirus to bed.
The World In A Week - Interim Update
The ebb and flow of sentiment is critical in the short term. The markets will overreact to both good news and bad. The problem is that data is going to be less reliable than it has ever been and that is the fuel that feeds sentiment. The extrapolation of data points amplifies the overreaction and a virtuous cycle quickly becomes a vicious one.
News of ‘lowest number of cases’ that permeates headlines can quickly change to a much darker narrative. Yesterday, the number of new infections in Germany rose to a three-week high and Italy announced that it was keeping schools closed until September. Hong Kong has extended its lockdowns until the end of April and expectations for a similar extension here in the UK are high.
However, we do know that for every piece of bad news, policy makers are looking to quell with announcements of new stimuli. Last night our Chancellor, Rishi Sunak, pledged £750 million of extra funding for our struggling charities and Congress in the US confirmed an additional $1 trillion stimulus package was currently being drawn up.
This is a reminder that temptation to gorge on the 24-hour news flow can lead to a rollercoaster of emotions; we wrote in our quarterly review in January of the perils of relying on particular media sources. We strive to provide balanced and relevant commentary, which we hope will become your mainstay in these difficult times.